Effects of ß-Glucans Ingestion on Alveolar Bone Loss, Intestinal Morphology, Systemic Inflammatory Profile, and Pancreatic ß-Cell Function in Rats with Periodontitis and Diabetes.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ß-glucan ingestion (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the plasmatic levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), alveolar bone loss, and pancreatic ß-cell function (HOMA-BF) in diabetic rats with periodontal disease (PD). Besides, intestinal morphology was determined by the villus/crypt ratio. A total of 48 Wistar rats weighing 203 ± 18 g were used. Diabetes was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80 mg/kg) and periodontal inflammation, by ligature. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 2 × 2 × 2 (diabetic or not, with or without periodontitis, and ingesting ß-glucan or not). The animals received ß-glucan by gavage for 28 days. Alveolar bone loss was determined by scanning electron microscopy (distance between the cementoenamel junction and alveolar bone crest) and histometric analysis (bone area between tooth roots). ß-glucan reduced plasmatic levels of TNF-α in diabetic animals with PD and of IL-10 in animals with PD (p < 0.05). ß-glucan reduced bone loss in animals with PD (p < 0.05). In diabetic animals, ß-glucan improved ß-cell function (p < 0.05). Diabetic animals had a higher villus/crypt ratio (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ß-glucan ingestion reduced the systemic inflammatory profile, prevented alveolar bone loss, and improved ß-cell function in diabetic animals with PD.

El ejercicio físico como coadyuvante inmunológico: una revisión / Physical exercise as immune adjuvant: review

El uso de coadyuvantes para aumentar el efecto de vacunas ha sido el foco de varios estudios de investigación en el campo de la salud. Sin embargo, algunas sustancias con potencial coadyuvante pueden tener efectos secundarios con una alta toxicidad por lo que son necesarios métodos menos invasivos y más eficaces para realizar esta función. Varios estudios, investigando los efectos del ejercicio físico sobre diversos parámetros inmunológicos, han mostrado que la práctica de ejercicio físico de ciertas intensidades provoca mejoras en la respuesta inmune y que incluso puede actuar como coadyuvante exógeno inmunitario, por lo que puede ser una herramienta importante para aumentar la eficacia de la respuesta inmune después de la vacunación. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los estudios que demuestran cómo diferentes tipos, intensidades, y duración de ejercicios físicos pueden actuar como coadyuvantes inmunitarios. Para ello se seleccionaron estudios que investigaron los efectos de diferentes protocolos o modalidades de ejercicio sobre la eficacia de la inmunización después de la vacunación, tanto en humanos como en modelos animales. En cuanto a la intensidad del ejercicio, hay un consenso de que las actividades con intensidad moderada aumentan la eficacia de las vacunas, mientras que las intensidades ligeras no tienen tal efecto. Entrenamientos únicos de ejercicio de fuerza de los miembros superiores han demostrado ser eficaces para la inmunización de jóvenes, mientras que para las personas mayores, tal eficacia se observó con la práctica regular de ejercicios aeróbicos a una intensidad moderada. La literatura estudiada permite afirmar que hay evidencia de que el ejercicio físico se puede utilizar como un complemento de la vacunación, especialmente en la vacunación en ancianos (AU)

The use of adjuvants in order to enhance the effect of vaccines has been the focus of several research studies. However, some substances with the potential of being used as adjuvants may exhibit high toxicity and side effects. In this sense, new methods which are less invasive and more effective to perform this function are being developed. Thus, several studies have investigated the effects of exercise on immune parameters. It is suggested that physical activities can improve the immune response and may even act as exogenous adjuvants, increasing the host’s immune response efficiency after vaccination. Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the literature in order to find out how different types, intensities and duration of exercise can act as adjuvants for immunization. To this end, studies that investigated the effects of different exercise modalities or protocols were selected, all of them investigating the effectiveness of immunization after vaccination, both in humans and in animal models. Regarding exercise intensity, there is a consensus that moderate activities increase the efficacy of vaccines, while light intensities do not cause any effect. Acute sessions of resistance exercise for upper limbs demonstrated to be effective for immunization of young people, while for the elderly, such efficacy was observed with the regular practice of aerobic exercise at a moderate intensity. In conclusion, from what has been observed in the literature, it seems to exist some evidence that physical exercise can be used as a complement to vaccination, especially when it comes to immunization of the elderly (AU)